dispensation." (1)

Amidst this monotony of studied onslaughts on the Qur’ân, at least one Christian author of the time raised a voice of reason and dissent. He was John Davenport whose work, An Apology for Mohammed and the Koran, was published in 1869. (2) It consisted of vi+182 pages, divided into four chapters entitled: I. Mohammed: A Biography; II. The Koran and its Morality; III. Charges against Mohammed Refuted and IV. Beauties of the Koran.

Meanwhile the lines indicated by Sprenger, Muir and N?ldeke were followed by other scholars. Thus in 1880 S. Fraenkel published a study of the "foreign vocabulary" in ancient Arabic poetry and the Qur’ân in his De vocabulis in antiquis Arabum carminibus et in Corano pregrinis. (3) And in 1882 - 1884 the Rev. E. M. Wherry incorporated the ideas of Sale, Muir and N?ldeke in an enlarged edition of Sale’s translation in 4 volumes entitled A Comprehensive commentary of the Qur’ân comprising Sale’s translation and preliminary discourse, with additional notes and emendations, together with a complete index to the text, preliminary discourse and notes. (4) Another work relating to the Qur’ânic vocabulary was done by C. C. Torrey under title The Commercial-Theological Terms in the Koran, which was published in Leiden in 1892. Before the century was over two other works were published which reiterated the theory of Judaeo-Christian origins of the Qur’ân and Islam. The one was written by Muir with avowed evangelical purpose and was entitled The Qur’ân: Its Composition and Teaching and the Testimony it bears to the Holy Scriptures. It was published in 1897. And in the following year (1898) the missionary circles published from Madras, India, an English and revised version of Abraham Gieger’s work under title Judaism and Islam.